AMENDMENT 219
Section 2T1.1(a) is amended by deleting the last sentence as follows: "When more than one year is involved, the tax losses are to be added.".
The Commentary to §2T1.1 captioned "Application Notes" is amended in Note 2 by deleting:
"The court is to determine this amount as it would any other guideline factor.",
and inserting in lieu thereof:
"Although the definition of tax loss corresponds to what is commonly called the ‘criminal deficiency,’ its amount is to be determined by the same rules applicable in determining any other sentencing factor.".
The Commentary to §2T1.1 captioned "Application Notes" is amended in Note 3 by deleting:
"Although the definition of tax loss corresponds to what is commonly called the ‘criminal deficiency,’ its amount is to be determined by the same rules applicable in determining any other sentencing factor. In accordance with the ‘relevant conduct’ approach adopted by the guidelines, tax losses resulting from more than one year are to be added whether or not the defendant is convicted of multiple counts.",
and inserting in lieu thereof:
"In determining the total tax loss attributable to the offense (see §1B1.3(a)(2)), all conduct violating the tax laws should be considered as part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan unless the evidence demonstrates that the conduct is clearly unrelated. The following examples are illustrative of conduct that is part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan: (a) there is a continuing pattern of violations of the tax laws by the defendant; (b) the defendant uses a consistent method to evade or camouflage income, e.g., backdating documents or using off-shore accounts; (c) the violations involve the same or a related series of transactions; (d) the violation in each instance involves a false or inflated claim of a similar deduction or credit; and (e) the violation in each instance involves a failure to report or an understatement of a specific source of income, e.g., interest from savings accounts or income from a particular business activity. These examples are not intended to be exhaustive.".
Reason for Amendment: The purposes of this amendment are to clarify the determination of tax loss and to make this instruction consistent among §§2T1.1-2T1.3.
Effective Date: The effective date of this amendment is November 1, 1989.