AMENDMENT 538
Sections 2G1.1 and 2G1.2 are deleted in their entirety as follows:
"§2G1.1. Transportation for the Purpose of Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct
(a) Base Offense Level: 14
(b) Specific Offense Characteristic
(1) If the offense involved the use of physical force, or coercion by threats or drugs or in any manner, increase by 4 levels.
(c) Special Instruction
(1) If the offense involved the transportation of more than one person, Chapter Three, Part D (Multiple Counts) shall be applied as if the transportation of each person had been contained in a separate count of conviction.
Commentary
Statutory Provisions: 8 U.S.C. § 1328; 18 U.S.C. §§ 2421, 2422.
Application Notes:
1. The base offense level assumes that the offense was committed for profit. In the infrequent case where the defendant did not commit the offense for profit and the offense did not involve physical force or coercion, the Commission recommends a downward departure of 8 levels.
2. The enhancement for physical force, or coercion, anticipates no bodily injury. If bodily injury results, an upward departure may be warranted. See Chapter Five, Part K (Departures).
3. ‘Coercion,’ as used in this guideline, includes any form of conduct that negates the voluntariness of the behavior of the person transported. This factor would apply, for example, where the ability of the person being transported to appraise or control conduct was substantially impaired by drugs or alcohol. In the case of transportation involving an adult, rather than a minor, this characteristic generally will not apply where the alcohol or drug was voluntarily taken.
4. For the purposes of §3B1.1 (Aggravating Role), the persons transported are considered participants only if they assisted in the unlawful transportation of others.
5. For the purposes of Chapter Three, Part D (Multiple Counts), each person transported is to be treated as a separate victim. Consequently, multiple counts involving the transportation of different persons are not to be grouped together under §3D1.2 (Groups of Closely Related Counts). Special instruction (c)(1) directs that if the relevant conduct of an offense of conviction includes more than one person being transported, whether specifically cited in the count of conviction or not, each such person shall be treated as if contained in a separate count of conviction.
§2G1.2. Transportation of a Minor for the Purpose of Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct
(a) Base Offense Level: 16
(b) Specific Offense Characteristics
(1) If the offense involved the use of physical force, or coercion by threats or drugs or in any manner, increase by 4 levels.
(2) If the offense involved the transportation of a minor under the age of twelve years, increase by 4 levels.
(3) If the offense involved the transportation of a minor at least twelve years of age but under the age of sixteen years, increase by 2 levels.
(4) If the defendant was a parent, relative, or legal guardian of the minor involved in the offense, or if the minor was otherwise in the custody, care, or supervisory control of the defendant, increase by 2 levels.
(c) Cross References
(1) If the offense involved causing, transporting, permitting, or offering or seeking by notice or advertisement, a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct, apply §2G2.1 (Sexually Exploiting a Minor by Production of Sexually Explicit Visual or Printed Material; Custodian Permitting Minor to Engage in Sexually Explicit Conduct; Advertisement for Minors to Engage in Production).
(2) If the offense involved criminal sexual abuse, attempted criminal sexual abuse, or assault with intent to commit criminal sexual abuse, apply §2A3.1 (Criminal Sexual Abuse; Attempt to Commit Criminal Sexual Abuse).
(3) If neither subsection (c)(1) nor (c)(2) is applicable, and the offense did not involve transportation for the purpose of prostitution, apply §2A3.2 (Criminal Sexual Abuse of a Minor or Attempt to Commit Such Acts) or §2A3.4 (Abusive Sexual Contact or Attempt to Commit Abusive Sexual Contact), as appropriate.
(d) Special Instruction
(1) If the offense involved the transportation of more than one person, Chapter Three, Part D (Multiple Counts) shall be applied as if the transportation of each person had been contained in a separate count of conviction.
Commentary
Statutory Provisions: 8 U.S.C. § 1328; 18 U.S.C. §§ 2421, 2422, 2423.
Application Notes:
1. For the purposes of Chapter Three, Part D (Multiple Counts), each person transported is to be treated as a separate victim. Consequently, multiple counts involving the transportation of different persons are not to be grouped together under §3D1.2 (Groups of Closely Related Counts). Special instruction (d)(1) directs that if the relevant conduct of an offense of conviction includes more than one person being transported, whether specifically cited in the count of conviction or not, each such person shall be treated as if contained in a separate count of conviction.
2. The enhancement for physical force, or coercion, anticipates no bodily injury. If bodily injury results, an upward departure may be warranted. See Chapter Five, Part K (Departures).
3. ‘Coercion,’ as used in this guideline, includes any form of conduct that negates the voluntariness of the behavior of the person transported. This factor would apply, for example, where the ability of the person being transported to appraise or control conduct was substantially impaired by drugs or alcohol.
4. ‘Sexually explicit conduct,’ as used in this guideline, has the meaning set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 2256.
5. Subsection (b)(4) is intended to have broad application and includes offenses involving a minor entrusted to the defendant, whether temporarily or permanently. For example, teachers, day care providers, baby-sitters, or other temporary caretakers are among those who would be subject to this enhancement. In determining whether to apply this adjustment, the court should look to the actual relationship that existed between the defendant and the child and not simply to the legal status of the defendant-child relationship.
6. If the adjustment in subsection (b)(4) applies, do not apply §3B1.3 (Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill).
7. The cross reference in subsection (c)(1) is to be construed broadly to include all instances where the offense involved employing, using, persuading, inducing, enticing, coercing, transporting, permitting, or offering or seeking by notice or advertisement, a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct.".
A replacement guideline with accompanying commentary is inserted as §2G1.1 (Promoting Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct).
Chapter 1, Part A, Subpart 4(b) is amended in the fourth paragraph by deleting:
"For example, the Commentary to §2G1.1 (Transportation for the Purpose of Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct) recommends a downward departure of eight levels where a commercial purpose was not involved.".
Section 3D1.2(d) is amended in the third paragraph by deleting "2G1.2,".
Reason for Amendment: This is a three-part amendment. First, this amendment consolidates §§2G1.1 (Transportation for the Purpose of Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct) and 2G1.2 (Transportation of a Minor for the Purpose of Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct) in furtherance of the Commission’s goal of simplifying the operation of the guidelines. The enhancement pertaining to the age of the victim in subsection (b)(2) is increased by two levels to reflect the two-level higher base offense level of former §2G1.2. The consolidated offense guideline incorporates the cross references of §2G1.2, provides a definition of the term "victim," and clarifies that the guideline covers offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a), but not 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b) (a statutory provision referenced in Appendix A to §§2A3.1, 2A3.2, and 2A3.3).
Second, this amendment implements the congressional directive in section 4 of the Sex Crimes Against Children Prevention Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104-71, 109 Stat. 774, by providing a three-level increase in the enhancement for offenses involving the transportation of minors with intent to engage in prostitution or other prohibited sexual conduct. This three-level increase is provided in the specific offense characteristic pertaining to the age of the victim in subsection (b)(2) and is in addition to the two-level increase in this enhancement described in the first part of this amendment.
Third, this amendment addresses 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), a new offense created by section 508 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56. That offense makes it unlawful, in interstate or foreign commerce, including through the mail, or within the special maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the United States, to knowingly persuade, induce, entice, or coerce an individual under the age of 18 years to engage in prostitution or other prohibited sexual conduct. The amendment brings this new offense within the scope of the consolidated guideline. As revised, the guideline is broadly applicable to offenses that involve "promoting prostitution or prohibited sexual conduct." That term is defined to encompass conduct covered by the new Telecommunications Act offense as well as conduct previously covered by the guideline; i.e., transporting a person, or inducing a person to travel, for the purpose of prostitution or other prohibited sexual conduct.
Effective Date: The effective date of this amendment is November 1, 1996.