AMENDMENT 574
Section 6A1.1 is amended by deleting "(c)(1)" and inserting in lieu thereof "(b)(1)".
The Commentary to 6A1.1 is amended by deleting "(c)(1)" and inserting in lieu thereof "(b)(1)".
Section 6A1.2 is amended by deleting "See Model Local Rule for Guideline Sentencing prepared by the Probation Committee of the Judicial Conference (August 1987)." and insert in lieu thereof "Rule 32(b)(6), Fed. R. Crim. P.".
The Commentary to §6A1.2 captioned "Application Note" is amended in Note 1 by deleting "111 S. Ct. 2182" and inserting in lieu thereof "501 U.S. 129, 135-39".
The Commentary to §6A1.2 captioned "Background" is amended by inserting "in writing" after "respond"; and by deleting:
"The potential complexity of factors important to the sentencing determination normally requires that the position of the parties be presented in writing. However, because courts differ greatly with respect to their reliance on written plea agreements and with respect to the feasibility of written statements under guidelines, district courts are encouraged to consider the approach that is most appropriate under local conditions. The Commission intends to reexamine this issue in light of experience under the guidelines.",
and inserting in lieu thereof "Rule 32(b)(6)(B), Fed. R. Crim. P.".
Section 6A1.3(a) is amended in the second sentence by deleting "reasonable" before "dispute".
Section 6A1.3(b) is amended by inserting "at a sentencing hearing" after "factors"; by deleting "(a)(1)" and inserting in lieu thereof "(c)(1)"; and by deleting "(effective Nov. 1, 1987), notify the parties of its tentative findings and provide a reasonable opportunity for the submission of oral written objections before imposition of sentence.".
The Commentary to §6A1.3 is amended in the first paragraph by deleting "will no longer exist" and inserting in lieu thereof "no longer exists"; by deleting "will usually have" and inserting in lieu thereof "usually has";
and by deleting:
"Although lengthy sentencing hearings should seldom be necessary, disputes about sentencing factors must be resolved with care. When a reasonable dispute exists about any factor important to the sentencing determination, the court must ensure that the parties have an adequate opportunity to present relevant information. Written statements of counsel or affidavits of witnesses may be adequate under many circumstances. An evidentiary hearing may sometimes be the only reliable way to resolve disputed issues. See United States v. Fatico, 603 F.2d 1053, 1057 n.9 (2d Cir. 1979) cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1073 (1980). The sentencing court must determine the appropriate procedure in light of the nature of the dispute, its relevance to the sentencing determination, and applicable case law.",
and inserting in lieu thereof:
" Although lengthy sentencing hearings seldom should be necessary, disputes about sentencing factors must be resolved with care. When a dispute exists about any factor important to the sentencing determination, the court must ensure that the parties have an adequate opportunity to present relevant information. Written statements of counsel or affidavits of witnesses may be adequate under many circumstances. See, e.g., United States v. Ibanez, 924 F.2d 427 (2d Cir. 1991). An evidentiary hearing may sometimes be the only reliable way to resolve disputed issues. See, e.g., United States v. Jimenez Martinez, 83 F.3d 488, 494-95 (1st Cir. 1996) (finding error in district court’s denial of defendant’s motion for evidentiary hearing given questionable reliability of affidavit on which the district court relied at sentencing); United States v. Roberts, 14 F.3d 502, 521(10th Cir. 1993) (remanding because district court did not hold evidentiary hearing to address defendants’ objections to drug quantity determination or make requisite findings of fact regarding drug quantity); see also, United States v. Fatico, 603 F.2d 1053, 1057 n.9 (2d Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1073 (1980). The sentencing court must determine the appropriate procedure in light of the nature of the dispute, its relevance to the sentencing determination, and applicable case law.".
The Commentary to §6A1.3 is amended by deleting:
" In determining the relevant facts, sentencing judges are not restricted to information that would be admissible at trial. 18 U.S.C. § 3661. Any information may be considered, so long as it has ‘sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.’ United States v. Marshall, 519 F. Supp. 751 (E.D. Wis. 1981), aff’d, 719 F.2d 887 (7th Cir. 1983); United States v. Fatico, 579 F.2d 707 (2d Cir. 1978) cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1073 (1980). Reliable hearsay evidence may be considered. Out-of-court declarations by an unidentified informant may be considered ’where there is good cause for the nondisclosure of his identity and there is sufficient corroboration by other means.’ United States v. Fatico, 579 F.2d at 713. Unreliable allegations shall not be considered. United States v. Weston, 448 F.2d 626 (9th Cir. 1971) cert. denied, 404 U.S. 1061 (1972).",
and inserting in lieu thereof:
" In determining the relevant facts, sentencing judges are not restricted to information that would be admissible at trial. See 18 U.S.C. § 3661; see also United States v. Watts, 117 U.S. 633, 635 (1997) (holding that lower evidentiary standard at sentencing permits sentencing court’s consideration of acquitted conduct); Witte v. United States, 515 U.S. 389, 399-401 (1995) (noting that sentencing courts have traditionally considered wide range of information without the procedural protections of a criminal trial, including information concerning criminal conduct that may be the subject of a subsequent prosecution); Nichols v. United States, 511 U.S. 738, 747-48 (1994) (noting that district courts have traditionally considered defendant’s prior criminal conduct even when the conduct did not result in a conviction). Any information may be considered, so long as it has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy. Watts, 117 U.S. at 637; Nichols, 511 U.S. at 748; United States v. Zuleta-Alvarez, 922 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 927 (1991); United States v. Beaulieu, 893 F.2d 1177 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1038 (1990). Reliable hearsay evidence may be considered. United States v. Petty, 982 F.2d 1365 (9th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1040 (1994); United States v. Sciarrino, 884 F.2d 95 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 997 (1989). Out-of-court declarations by an unidentified informant may be considered where there is good cause for the non-disclosure of the informant’s identity and there is sufficient corroboration by other means. United States v. Rogers, 1 F.3d 341 (5th Cir. 1993); see also United States v. Young, 981 F.2d 180 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 980 (1993); United States v. Fatico, 579 F.2d 707, 713 (2d Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1073 (1980). Unreliable allegations shall not be considered. United States v. Ortiz, 993 F.2d 204 (10th Cir. 1993).".
The Commentary to §6A1.3 is amended by deleting:
" If sentencing factors are the subject of reasonable dispute, the court should, where appropriate, notify the parties of its tentative findings and afford an opportunity for correction of oversight or error before sentence is imposed.".
Reason for Amendment: This amendment makes a number of technical and conforming changes to the policy statements in Chapter Six, Part A (Sentencing Procedures) to reflect changes in Rule 32, Fed. R. Crim. P. and updates the case law references in the commentary to §6A1.3 to include references to sentencing guideline cases.
Effective Date: The effective date of this amendment is November 1, 1997.