AMENDMENT 612
The Commentary to §2G1.1 captioned "Statutory Provisions" is amended by inserting "1591," before "2421".
The Commentary to §2G1.1 captioned "Application Notes" is amended in Note 2 in the fourth sentence by adding "(B)" after "purposes of subsection (b)(1)".
The Commentary to §2G1.1 captioned "Application Notes" is amended by adding at the end the following:
"12. Upward Departure Provisions.—An upward departure may be warranted in either of the following circumstances:
(A) The defendant was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 1591 and the offense involved a victim who had not attained the age of 14 years.
(B) The offense involved more than 10 victims.".
The Commentary to §2G1.1 captioned "Background" is amended by adding at the end the following paragraph:
"This guideline also covers offenses under section 1591 of title 18, United States Code. These offenses involve recruiting or transporting a person in interstate commerce knowing either that (1) force, fraud, or coercion will be used to cause the person to engage in a commercial sex act; or (2) the person (A) had not attained the age of 18 years; and (B) will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act.".
The Commentary to §2G2.1 captioned "Statutory Provisions" is amended by inserting "1591," before "2251(a)".
The Commentary to §2G2.1 captioned "Application Notes" is amended by adding at the end the following:
"6. Upward Departure Provisions.—An upward departure may be warranted in either of the following circumstances:
(A) The defendant was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 1591 and the offense involved a victim who had not attained the age of 14 years.
(B) The offense involved more than 10 victims.".
Section 2H4.1 is amended by striking subsection (a) in its entirety as follows:
"(a) Base Offense Level: 22",
and inserting the following:
"(a) Base Offense Level (Apply the greater):
(1) 22; or
(2) 18, if the defendant was convicted of an offense under 18 U.S.C. § 1592.".
Section 2H4.1(b) is amended by striking subdivision (2) in its entirety as follows:
"(2) If a dangerous weapon was used, increase by 2 levels.",
and inserting the following:
"(2) If (A) a dangerous weapon was used, increase by 4 levels; or (B) a dangerous weapon was brandished, or the use of a dangerous weapon was threatened, increase by 2 levels.".
The Commentary to §2H4.1 captioned "Statutory Provisions" is amended by striking "1588" and inserting "1590, 1592".
The Commentary to §2H4.1 captioned "Application Notes" is amended in Note 1 in the second paragraph by inserting "other" after "that a firearm or"; and by adding after "otherwise used." the following:
"‘The use of a dangerous weapon was threatened’ means that the use of a dangerous weapon was threatened regardless of whether a dangerous weapon was present.".
Chapter Two, Part H, is amended in Subpart 4 by adding at the end the following:
"§2H4.2. Willful Violations of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act
(a) Base Offense Level: 6
(b) Specific Offense Characteristics
(1) If the offense involved (i) serious bodily injury, increase by 4 levels; or (ii) bodily injury, increase by 2 levels.
(2) If the defendant committed any part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining a civil or administrative adjudication for similar misconduct, increase by 2 levels.
Commentary
Statutory Provision: 29 U.S.C. § 1851.
Application Notes:
1. Definitions.—For purposes of subsection (b)(1), ‘bodily injury’ and ‘serious bodily injury’ have the meaning given those terms in Application Note 1 of the Commentary to §1B1.1 (Application Instructions).
2. Application of Subsection (b)(2).—Section 1851 of title 29, United States Code, covers a wide range of conduct. Accordingly, the enhancement in subsection (b)(2) applies only if the instant offense is similar to previous misconduct that resulted in a civil or administrative adjudication under the provisions of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (29 U.S.C. § 1801 et. seq.).".
Section 5E1.1(a)(1) is amended by inserting "§ 1593," after "18 U.S.C.".
The Commentary to §5E1.1 captioned "Background" is amended in the first paragraph by inserting "1593," after "18 U.S.C. §§".
Appendix A (Statutory Index) is amended in the line referenced to "18 U.S.C. § 241" by inserting ", 2H4.1" after "2H2.1".
Appendix A (Statutory Index) is amended by inserting after the line referenced to "18 U.S.C. § 1588" the following new lines:
"18 U.S.C. § 1589 2H4.1
18 U.S.C. § 1590 2H4.1
18 U.S.C. § 1591 2G1.1, 2G2.1
18 U.S.C. § 1592 2H4.1".
Appendix A (Statutory Index) is amended by inserting after the line referenced to "29 U.S.C. § 1141" the following:
"29 U.S.C. § 1851 2H4.2".
Reason for Amendment: In promulgating this amendment, the Commission is cognizant of the extraordinarily serious nature of offenses that involve trafficking in human lives. This amendment is in response to the directive found at section 112(b) of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (the "Act"), Pub. L. 106–386. The Commission expects to consider further revisions and additions to the specific offense characteristics and punishment levels for these offenses, such as the possibility of providing an alternative base offense level in §2G1.1 (Promoting Prostitution or Prohibited Sexual Conduct) for convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 1591 involving victims under the age of 14 years.
The directive confers emergency authority on the Commission to amend the federal sentencing guidelines to reflect changes to 18 U.S.C. §§ 1581(a) (Peonage), 1583 (Enticement into Slavery), and 1584 (Sale into Involuntary Servitude). The Commission also is directed to consider how to address four new statutes: 18 U.S.C. §§ 1589 (Forced Labor); 1590 (Trafficking with Respect to Peonage, Involuntary Servitude or Forced Labor); 1591 (Sex Trafficking of Children by Force, Fraud or Coercion); and 1592 (Unlawful Conduct with Respect to Documents in Furtherance of Peonage, Involuntary Servitude or Forced Labor).
Specifically, the Commission is directed to "review and, if appropriate, amend the sentencing guidelines applicable to . . . the trafficking of persons including . . . peonage, involuntary servitude, slave trade offenses, and possession, transfer or sale of false immigration documents in furtherance of trafficking, and the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act."
The Commission further is directed to "take all appropriate measures to ensure that these sentencing guidelines . . . are sufficiently stringent to deter and adequately reflect the heinous nature of these offenses." The Commission also is directed to "consider providing sentencing enhancements" in cases which involve: (1) a large number of victims; (2) a pattern of continued and flagrant violations; (3) the use or threatened use of a dangerous weapon; or (4) the death or bodily injury of any person.
To address this multi-faceted directive, this amendment makes changes to several existing guidelines and creates a new guideline for criminal violations of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act. Although the directive instructs the Commission to amend the guidelines applicable to the Fair Labor Standards Act (29 U.S.C. § 201 et. seq.), a criminal violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act is only a Class B misdemeanor. See 29 U.S.C. § 216. Thus, the guidelines are not applicable to those offenses.
The amendment references the new offense at 18 U.S.C. § 1591 to §2G1.1. Section 1591 punishes a defendant who participates in the transporting or harboring of a person, or who benefits from participating in such a venture, with the knowledge that force, fraud, or coercion will be used to cause that person to engage in a commercial sex act or with knowledge that the person is not 18 years old and will be forced to engage in a commercial sex act. Despite the statute’s inclusion in a chapter of title 18 devoted mainly to peonage offenses, section 1591 offenses are more analogous to the offenses referenced to the prostitution guideline.
Section 1591 cases alternatively have been referred in Appendix A to §2G2.1 (Sexually Exploiting a Minor by Production of Sexually Explicit Visual or Printed Material; Custodian Permitting Minor to Engage in Sexually Explicit Conduct; Advertisement for Minors to Engage in Production). This has been done in anticipation that some portion of section 1591 cases will involve children being forced or coerced to engage in commercial sex acts for the purpose of producing pornography. Such offenses, as recognized by the higher base offense level at §2G2.1, are more serious because they both involve specific harm to an individual victim and further an additional criminal purpose, namely, commercial pornography.
The amendment maintains the view that §2H4.1 (Peonage, Involuntary Servitude, and Slave Trade) continues to be an appropriate tool for determining sentences for violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1581, 1583, and 1584. Section 2H4.1 also is designed to cover offenses under three new statutes, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1589, 1590, and 1592. Section 1589 punishes defendants who provide or obtain the labor or services of another by the use of threats of serious harm or physical restraint against a person, or by a scheme or plan intended to make the person believe that if he or she did not perform the labor or services, he or she would suffer physical restraint or serious harm. This statute also applies to defendants who provide or obtain labor or services of another by abusing or threatening abuse of the law or the legal process. See 18 U.S.C. § 1589.
Section 1590 punishes defendants who harbor, transport, or are otherwise involved in obtaining, a person for labor or services. Section 1592 punishes a defendant who knowingly possesses, destroys, or removes an actual passport, other immigration document, or government identification document of another person in the course of a violation of § 1581 (peonage), § 1583 (enticement into slavery), § 1584 (sale into involuntary servitude), § 1589 (forced labor), § 1590 (trafficking with respect to these offenses), § 1591 (sex trafficking of children by force, fraud or coercion), or § 1594(a) (attempts to violate these offenses). Section 1592 also punishes a defendant who, with intent to violate § 1581, § 1583, § 1584, § 1589, § 1590, or § 1591, knowingly possesses, destroys, or removes an actual passport, other immigration document, or government identification document of another person. These statutes prohibit the types of behaviors that have been traditionally sentenced under §2H4.1.
The amendment provides an alternative, less punitive base offense level of level 18 for those who violate 18 U.S.C. § 1592, an offense which limits participation in peonage cases to the destruction or wrongful confiscation of a passport or other immigration document. This alternative, lower base level reflects the lower statutory maximum sentence for § 1592 offenses (i.e., 5 years).
Section 2H4.1(b)(2) has been expanded to provide a 4-level increase if a dangerous weapon was used and a 2-level increase if a dangerous weapon was brandished or its use was threatened. Currently, only actual use of a dangerous weapon is covered. This change reflects the directive to consider an enhancement for the "use or threatened use of a dangerous weapon." The commentary to §2H4.1 is amended to clarify that the threatened use of a dangerous weapon applies regardless of whether a dangerous weapon was actually present.
The amendment also creates a new guideline, §2H4.2 (Willful Violations of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act), in response to the directive to amend the guidelines applicable to such offenses. These offenses, which have a statutory maximum sentence of one year imprisonment for first offenses and three years’ imprisonment for subsequent offenses, currently are not referred to any specific guideline. The amendment provides a base offense level of level 6 in recognition of the low statutory maximum sentences set for these cases by Congress. Further, these offenses typically involve violations of regulatory provisions. Setting the base offense level at level 6 provides consistency with guidelines for other regulatory offenses. See, e.g., §§2N2.1 (Violations of Statutes and Regulations Dealing With Any Food, Drug, Biological Product, Device, Cosmetic, or Agricultural Product) and 2N3.1 (Odometer Laws and Regulations). Subsections (b)(1), an enhancement for bodily injury, and (b)(2), an enhancement applicable to defendants who commit the instant offense after previously sustaining a civil penalty for similar misconduct, have been established to respond to the directive that the Commission consider sentencing enhancement for these offense characteristics. This section addresses the Department of Justice’s and the Department of Labor’s concern regarding prior administrative and civil adjudications.
This amendment also addresses that portion of section 112 of the Act that amends chapter 77 of title 18, United States Code, to provide mandatory restitution for peonage and involuntary servitude offenses. The amendment amends §5E1.1 (Restitution) to include a reference to 18 U.S.C. § 1593 in the guideline provision regarding mandatory restitution.
By enactment of various sentencing enhancements and encouraged upward departures for areas of concern identified by Congress, the Commission has provided for more severe sentences for perpetrators of human trafficking offenses in keeping with the conclusion that the offenses covered by this amendment are both heinous in nature and being committed with rapidly increasing frequency.
Effective Date: The effective date of this amendment is May 1, 2001.